# Python Lists Cheat sheet

Lists are data structures, capable of holding multiple elements, even of different types. Compared to arrays, lists are not fixed in size. Lists are the go-to solution for storing sequences of values. A good practise is to keep all elements of the list of the same data type.

Here is everything you need to know about lists in Python.

## Creating lists​

There are multiple ways for initizalizing a list in Python, just as in other programming languages. Yet, there is one key difference: Variables in Python must be assigned a value by default. You can't create "empty" variables.

### Creating an empty list​

As I mentioned before, you need to assign at least something to your variable. For a list, this is the minimal way:

numbers = []

Then, you can append values:

numbers.append(1)numbers.append(2)numbers.append(3)

### Providing default values​

numbers = [1, 2, 3]

### Filling a list​

From other languages, you might now functions on lists like fill(), which fill up your list / array with a provided value. In Python, you can fill your list with:

ones = [1] * 3 ones# [1, 1, 1]

### Generating a list based on a range​

The range function can be used to return numeric values in an interval.

numbers = [*range(1, 10, 1)]numbers # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

The third parameter is the steps. Setting it to 2 would return a list of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.

## Accessing list elements​

Python is known for its capabilites in working with lists. Let's cover the basics before we dive into the special stuff. The indicies of elements in lists are starting at 0, like in most languages. Getting an element is easy:

numbers = [1, 2, 3]print(numbers[0])# 1

### Accessing a range of elements​

With the : operator one can specifiy his selection of elements. 0:3 returns the first three elements, alternatively said, from the 0th index up until the 3rd (not inclusively).

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]numbers[0:3] # [1, 2, 3]

There are almost unlimited options for using this operator. We can also just return all elements, starting from the 3rd (inclusively):

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]numbers[3:] # [4, 5]

### Accessing with negative indicies​

Instead of accessing the last element of a list via its length, Python offers a smarter way.

numbers = [1, 2, 3]numbers[-1] # 3 

-1 gives you the last element, -2 the second last and so on.

### Getting every nth element​

Python provides an insanely useful feature for retrieving values from lists.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]numbers[::2]# [1, 3, 5]

Setting the slice step to 2, we get every second element starting with 1.

## Deleting elements from a list​

### remove()​

With the remove function, an element can be deleted from the list.

numbers = [1, 2, 3]numbers.remove(2)# [1, 3]

### pop()​

Pop returns the last element of the list and removes it from the list.

numbers = [1, 2, 3]numbers.pop() # 3 numbers [1, 2]

In case the element which is to be deleted appears multiple times, only the first occurrence is deleted.

## Iterating over lists​

### for each​

The most primitive way for iterating over a Python list is using for-each:

numbers = [1, 2, 3]for num in numbers:     print(num

The for x in y syntax can be just for almost all iterables in Python.

### for in range​

Alternatively, the for loop can be paired with the range() function, which returns all numeric values starting from 0 up until the provided value. When providing the number of elements, range therefore counts up all the indicies. Therefore, you need to access the elements in the list manually, once you have the indicies:

numbers = [1, 2, 3]for i in range(len(numbers)):     print(numbers[i])

## Transforming lists​

The following section focuses on transforming the values and / or the structure of lists in Python. This can be achieved by altering the orignal values (mutation) or without, by returning the transformed data (immutability).

First, let's cover the functional concepts map, reduce and filter, which can be seen as mathematical functions, not altering the original values.

### map​

The function "map" is not to be confused with the data structure "Map", which holds key-value pairs in many programming languages. map is mapping a provided value (x) to the transformed value (y), just like in maths.

map takes a function as the single parameter. The function does something to the data, so each element of the list.

numbers = [1, 2, 3]double = list(map(lambda num: num * 2, numbers))double # [2, 4, 6]# The original list is untouched: numbers # [1, 2, 3]

### reduce​

reduce works similary like map. The function helps us to reduce everything down to a single value, again, via a provided function.

from functools import reducenumbers = [1, 2, 3]sum = reduce(lambda num, preNum: num+preNum, numbers)sum # 6

The package functools is available by default.

### filter​

This function does what its name suggests. The passed function needs to return True or False, in order to filter the values from the list.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8]evenNumbers = list(filter(lambda num: num % 2 == 0, numbers))    evenNumbers # [2, 4, 6, 8]`